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No more scope creep or unexpected blown budgets. Consider that G-Wizard has specific features for each machine type. In effect, you get 3 Calculators in one:. Note: Chipload should be adjusted for tool diameter. Smaller tools tolerate much lower chip loads! You can look this up in the manufacturer's catalog, or we can help. Recipes 4. The hardware or software serial libraries handle sending and receiving information. This information often consists of groups of variables that need to be sent together.
For the information to be interpreted correctly, the receiving side needs to recognize where each message begins and ends. Meaningful serial communication, or any kind of machine-to-machine communication, can only be achieved if the sending and receiving sides fully agree how information is organized in the message.
The formal organization of information in a message and the range of appropriate responses to requests is called a communications protocol. Messages can contain one or more special characters that identify the start of the message—this is called the header.
One or more characters can also be used to identify the end of a message—this is called the footer. The recipes in this chapter show examples of messages in which the values that make up the body of a message can be sent in either text or binary format. Sending and receiving messages in text format involves sending commands and numeric values as human-readable letters and words. Numbers are sent as the string of digits that represent the value.
For example, if the value is , the characters 1, 2, 3, and 4 are sent as individual characters. Binary messages comprise the bytes that the computer uses to represent values. Binary data is usually more efficient requiring fewer bytes to be sent , but the data is not as human-readable as text, which makes it more difficult to debug. If the device you are connecting to sends or receives only binary data, that is what you will have to use, but if you have the choice, text messages are easier to implement and debug.
There are many ways to approach software problems, and some of the recipes in this chapter show two or three different ways to achieve a similar result. The differences e. Where choices are offered, pick the solution that you find easiest to understand and adapt—this will probably be the first solution covered.
Some of the examples in this chapter use the Processing language to send and receive serial messages on a computer talking to Arduino. Processing is a free open source tool that uses a similar development environment to Arduino. You can read more about Processing and download everything you need at the Processing website.
Processing is based on the Java language, but the Processing code samples in this book should be easy to translate into other environments that support serial communications. Processing comes with some example sketches illustrating communication between Arduino and Processing. SimpleRead is a Processing example that includes Arduino code. In addition, a number of books on Processing are also available:.
This book covers Processing and Arduino and provides many examples of communication code. This sketch prints sequential numbers on the Serial Monitor:. Connect Arduino to your computer just as you did in Chapter 1 and upload this sketch. To display text and numbers from your sketch on a PC or Mac via a serial link, put the Serial.
The Arduino Serial Monitor function can display serial data sent from Arduino. A new window will open for displaying output from Arduino. Your sketch must call the Serial.
The function takes a single parameter: the desired communication speed. You must use the same speed for the sending side and the receiving side, or you will see gobbledygook or nothing at all on the screen. This example and most of the others in this book use a speed of 9, baud baud is a measure of the number of bits transmitted per second. The 9, baud rate is approximately 1, characters per second.
You can send at lower or higher rates the range is to , , but make sure both sides use the same speed. The Serial Monitor sets the speed using the baud rate drop down at the bottom right of the Serial Monitor window in Figure If your output looks something like this:. If you have selected the wrong board, change it to the correct one and upload to the board again. You can display text using the Serial.
Strings text within double quotes will be printed as is but without the quotes. For example, the following code:. The values numbers that you print depend on the type of variable; see Recipe 4. But for now, printing an integer will print its numeric value, so if the variable number is 1 , the following code:.
In the example sketch, the number printed will be 0 when the loop starts and will increase by one each time through the loop. The ln at the end of println causes the next print statement to start on a new line. That should get you started printing text and the decimal value of integers. See Recipe 4. You may want to consider a third-party terminal program that has more features than Serial Monitor.
Displaying data in text or binary format or both , displaying control characters, and logging to a file are just a few of the additional capabilities available from the many third-party terminal programs. Here are some that have been recommended by Arduino users:. An open source virtual screen management program that supports serial communications; included with Linux and Mac OS X.
Another open source terminal program for Linux. An open source SSH program for Windows; supports serial communications. You can use a liquid crystal display as a serial output device, although it will be very limited in functionality.
Check the documentation to see how your display handles carriage returns, as some displays may not automatically advance to a new line after println statements. The Arduino LiquidCrystal library for text LCDs uses underlying print functionality similar to the Serial library, so you can use many of the suggestions covered in this chapter with that library see Chapter You want to send serial data from Arduino displayed as text, decimal values, hexadecimal, or binary.
You can print data to the serial port in many different formats; here is a sketch that demonstrates all the format options:. Printing a text string is simple : Serial. If you want your output to print a new line after the output, use Serial. Printing numeric values can be more complicated.
The way that byte and integer values are printed depends on the type of variable and an optional formatting parameter. The Arduino language is very easygoing about how you can refer to the value of different data types see Recipe 2. But this flexibility can be confusing, because even when the numeric values are similar, the compiler considers them to be separate types with different behaviors. For example, printing a char will not necessarily produce the same output as printing an int of the same value.
Table shows what you will see when you print variables using Arduino routines. The sketch in this recipe uses a separate line of source code for each print statement.
This can make complex print statements bulky. For example, to print the following line:. You could combine them like this:. Or you could use the insertion-style capability of the compiler used by Arduino to format your print statements.
This is most easily achieved by including the Streaming library developed by Mikal Hart. If you use the Streaming library , the following gives the same output as the lines shown earlier:. Chapter 2 provides more information on data types used by Arduino. You want to receive data on Arduino from a computer or another serial device; for example, to have Arduino react to commands or data sent from your computer.
This sketch receives a digit single characters 0 through 9 and blinks the LED on pin 13 at a rate proportional to the received digit value:. Upload the sketch and send messages using the Serial Monitor. Open the Serial Monitor by clicking the Monitor icon see Recipe 4. Clicking the Send button will send the character typed into the text box; you should see the blink rate change.
The following converts the character ch to its numeric value:. The expression '0' is the same as This equals 1, which is the numeric value of the character 1. In other words, the expression ch - '0' is the same as ch - 48 ; this converts the ASCII value of the variable ch to a numeric value. Cake values integrity and transparency. We follow a strict editorial process to provide you with the best content possible. We also may earn commission from purchases made through affiliate links. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases.
Learn more in our affiliate disclosure. A meal is one of the most special, yet simple ways to spend time with those you love. And, family and food are concepts that have gone together since the beginning of time. And, yes, that includes even the obscure ones that require strange amalgamations of store-bought ingredients. You may also wish to do so to honor or remember a family member who has died. And if you're interested in other unique ways to honor a loved one's legacy, you can consider a custom urn from a store like Foreverence or even have a memorial diamond made from ashes with a company like Eterneva.
You can easily create a polished, personalized cookbook that you and your family will cherish for generations entirely online. The best part is an online cookbook will make it easy to share and almost impossible to misplace. And, furthermore, it can likely be done for free. This program will convert all of the images in a folder and write the encoded data to a file named output.
Paste the result into your code and assign it to a variable. Select all of the data in the Base64 box and paste into your code by making a variable that is equal to a byte-string. You can also copy and paste the byte string from the output.
You need to set the background color for your button to be the same as the background the button is being placed on if you want it to appear invisible. You can run similar code online on Trinket. It should match the background of whatever it is being placed upon. Buttons have 2 colors so be sure and pass in TWO color values when specifying buttons text color, background color. Well, they are, so now you know. If you do not specify a key and the element is an input element, a key will be provided for you in the form of an integer, starting numbering with zero.
If you don't specify any keys, it will appear as if the values returned to you are being returned as a list because the keys are sequential ints. This example has no keys specified. The 3 input fields will have keys 0, 1, 2.
Your first input element will be accessed as values[0] , just like a list would look. Quickly add a GUI allowing the user to browse for a filename if a filename is not supplied on the command line using this simple GUI.
It's the best of both worlds. If you want command line, you can use it. If you don't specify, then the GUI will fire up. If you really want to compress your 1-line of GUI code, you can directly access just the entered data by using this single-line-of-code solution. Dunno if it's the safest way to go, but it's certainly the most compact.
Single line GUIs are fun when you can get away with them. Why recreate the wheel? There's a Popup function that will get a Filename for you.
This is a single-line GUI:. If you're using PyCharm, this technique works particuarly well because the DocStrings continue to work even after you have created aliases. You'll find that nearly all of the Elements have multiple names that can be used for them.
Text Elements can be specified as Text , Txt , and T. This allows you to write really compact code. You can make your own aliases too. The advantage of you making your own is that they will be in your own name space and thus will not have the typical sg. If you have a lot of these in your program, it won't get too long until you're tired of typing sg. Here's all you have to do. Feel free to experiment. Even renaming elements will save you the hassle of typing in the sg.
Then again, so will importing the invdividual elements. Sometimes it's desireable to begin processing input information when a user makes a selection rather than requiring the user to click an OK button. That was simple enough. But maybe you're impatient and don't want to have to cick "Ok".
Maybe you don't want an OK button at all. You won't need to click the OK button anymore because as soon as you make the selection in the listbox the read call returns and the popup will be displayed as before.
This second example code could be used with the OK button. It doesn't matter what event caused the window. The important thing is whether or not a valid selection was made. Sometimes you want to restrict what a use can input into a field. Maybe you have a zipcode field and want to make sure only numbers are entered and it's no longer than 5 digits.
Perhaps you need a floating point number and only want to allow 0 - 9 ,. One way restrict the user's input to only those characters is to get an event any time the user inputs a character and if the character isn't a valid one, remove it.
Note that this example does not fully validate that the entry is a valid floating point number, but rather that it has the correct characters. If you wanted to take it a step further and verify that the entry is actually a valid floating point number, then you can change the "if" statement to test for valid floating point number.
On the Windows operating system, it's possible to create your window on monitors other than your primary display. Think of your primary display as a single quadrant in a larger space of display area. The upper left corner of your primary display is 0,0. This causes the window to be created on the monitor to the left.
If you set your X value to be larger than the width of your primary monitor, then you window will be created on the monitor that is located to the RIGHT of your primary monitor. I don't know if this technique works on Linux, but it's working great on Windows. This technique has been tried on a 4-monitor setup and it worked as you would expect. To use this feature, rather than using the default window location of "centered on your primary screen", set the location parameter in your Window creation to be the location you wish the window to be created.
Outputting text is a very common operation in programming. Your first Python program may have been. But in the world of GUIs where do "prints" fit in? Well, lots of places! Of course you can still use the normal print statement. It will output to StdOut standard out which is normally the shell where the program was launched from. Prining to the console becomes a problem however when you launch using pythonw on Windows or if you launch your program in some other way that doesn't have a console.
These Recipes explore how to retain prints already in your code. Let's say your code was written for a console and you want to migrate over to a GUI. Maybe there are so many print statements that you don't want to modify every one of them individually. There are at least 3 ways to transform your print statements that we'll explore here 1.
The Debug window 2. The Output Element 3. The Multiline Element. The various forms of "print" you'll be introduced to all support the sep and end parameters that you find on normal print statements. The debug window acts like a virtual console. There are 2 operating modes for the debug window.
One re-routes stdout to the window, the other does not. The functions Print , eprint , EasyPrint all refer to the same funtion. There is no difference whic hyou use as they point to identical code. The one you'll see used in Demo Programs is Print. One method for routing your print statements to the debuyg window is to reassign the print keyword to be the PySimpleGUI function Print. This can be done through simple assignment. This will reroute all of your print statements out to the debug window.
Printing in color is only operational if you do not reroute stdout to the debug window. If color printing is important, then don't reroute your stdout to the debug window. Only use calls to Print without any change to the stdout settings and you'll be able to print in color.
If you want to re-route your standard out to your window, then placing an Output Element in your layout will do just that. When you call "print", your text will be routed to that Output Element. Note you can only have 1 of these in your layout because there's only 1 stdout. Of all of the "print" techniques, this is the best to use if you cannot change your print statements. This layout with an Output element shows the results of a few clicks of the Go Button.
Beginning in 4. The Multiline. It's like a super-charged print statement. Added in version 4. This is done using parameteres when you create the multiline or you can call class methods to do the rerouting operation after the element is created.
If set to True then the window will automatically refresh every time an update is made to that Multiline element. Let's try the first option, adding the element onto the front of an existing print statement as well as using the color parameters. The most basic form of converting your exiting print into a Multline based print is to add the same element-lookup code that you would use when calling an element's update method.
Generically, that conversion looks like this:. Because we're using these Multilne elements as output only elements, we don't want to have their contents returned in the values dictionary when we call window. This would change our previous example to:. When you define the multiline element in your layout, its key will need to have this suffix added too.
There are a number of tricks and techniques burried in this Recpie so study it closely as there are a lot of options being used. If you want to use the Multline element as the destination for your print, but you don't want to go through your code and modify every print statement by adding an element lookup, then you can simply redefine your call to print to either be a function that adds that multline element onto the print for you or a lambda expression if you want to make it a single line of code.
Yes, it's not suggested to use a lambda expression by assignment to a vairable, but sometimes it may be easier to understand. Find the right balanace for you and ryour projct. The eaiest way to make this happen is using parmaters when creating the Multline Element. If programs outside of your control are running threads and they happen to call print, then the stdout will be routed to the window.
This MAY cause tkinter to crash. This code can be significant if the stdout has been re-rerouted to a multiline element that has auto-refresh turned on for example.
It is unclean how many operations or queued or if the calls from the threads will directly impact tkinter. The point here it to simple be on the looking for the dreaded "tkinter not in the mainloop" error. The idea is have a function, cprint that looks and acts like a normal print There are 2 ways to do routing. The color portion of the cprint call is achieved through additional parameters that are not normally present on a call to print.
This means that if you use these color parameters, you cannot simply rename your cprint calls to be print calls. Of course you can safely go the other direction, renaming your print calls to call cprint.
It works well in PyCharm too. Would I do this in a huge production code base. No, but I'm wring a little line packet of fun. IF you're tire of writine sg. You add them to your local name space so you no longer need the sgl. For example.
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